What is ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

 

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviour.

People with ADHD may appear restless, have difficulty concentrating, and act on impulse.

Types

There are three different ways ADHD presents itself, depending on which types of symptoms are strongest in the individual:

·       Inattention means a person may have difficulty staying on task, sustaining focus, and staying organized, and these problems are not due to defiance or lack of comprehension.

·       Hyperactivity means a person may seem to move about constantly, including in situations when it is not appropriate, or excessively fidgets, taps, or talks. In adults, hyperactivity may mean extreme restlessness or talking too much.

·       Combined Presentation: Symptoms of the above two types are equally present in the person. Because symptoms can change over time, the presentation may change over time as well.

 

Signs and Symptoms

Some people with ADHD mainly have symptoms of inattention. Others mostly have symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity. Some people have both types of symptoms.

Many people experience some inattention, unfocused motor activity, and impulsivity.

Symptoms explained below:

Inattention

A child who shows a pattern of inattention may often:

·        Fail to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork

·        Have trouble staying focused in tasks or play

·        Appear not to listen, even when spoken to directly

·        Have trouble organizing tasks and activities

·        Be easily distracted

·        Forget to do some daily activities.

Hyperactivity and impulsivity

A child who shows a pattern of hyperactive and impulsive symptoms may often:

·        Have difficulty staying seated in the classroom or in other situations

·        Be on the go, in constant motion

·        Run around or climb in situations when it's not appropriate

·        Talk too much

·        Blurt out answers, interrupting the questioner

·        Interrupt or intrude on others' conversations, games or activities

 

Treatment and Therapies:

Treatments include medication, psychotherapy, education or training, or a combination of treatments.

·       Medication: For many people, ADHD medications reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity and improve their ability to focus, work, and learn. Sometimes several different medications or dosages must be tried before finding the right one that works for a particular person. Anyone taking medications must be monitored closely by their prescribing doctor. The prescribed medications are safe even in children.

·       Psychotherapy:

1.     Behavioural therapy- aims to help a person change their behaviour. It might involve practical assistance, such as help organizing tasks or completing schoolwork, or working through emotionally difficult events. Behavioural therapy also teaches a person how to:

§  Monitor their own behaviour

§  Give oneself praise or rewards for acting in a desired way, such as controlling anger or thinking before acting.

 

2.     Cognitive behavioural therapy helps a person learn how to be aware and accepting of one’s own thoughts and feelings to improve focus and concentration. The therapist also encourages the person with ADHD to adjust to the life changes that come with treatment, such as thinking before acting, or resisting the urge to take unnecessary risks.

o   Stress management techniques can benefit parents of children with ADHD by increasing their ability to deal with frustration so that they can respond calmly to their child’s behaviour.

o   Support groups can help parents and families connect with others who have similar problems and concerns. Groups often meet regularly to share frustrations and successes, to exchange information about recommended specialists and strategies, and to talk with experts.

·       Parent Training and Education: Parents play a crucial role in managing ADHD symptoms in children. Parent training programs provide education about ADHD, guidance on effective parenting strategies, and practical techniques for behaviour management. These programs can improve parent-child relationships and reduce behaviour problems.

 

·       Social Skills Training: Many individuals with ADHD struggle with social interactions and maintaining relationships. Social skills training focuses on teaching appropriate social behaviours, such as listening, taking turns, and empathy. This therapy helps individuals develop social awareness and enhance their interpersonal skills.

 

·       Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Mindfulness practices, such as meditation and deep breathing exercises, can help individuals with ADHD improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and manage stress. Mindfulness-based interventions may be incorporated into therapy sessions or practiced independently.

 

·       Exercise and Physical Activity: Regular exercise has been shown to improve ADHD symptoms by increasing dopamine and nor epinephrine levels in the brain. Engaging in physical activities like sports, yoga, or aerobic exercises can help reduce hyperactivity, improve attention, and enhance overall well-being.

 

·       Dietary and Lifestyle Modifications: While the evidence is limited, some individuals with ADHD may benefit from dietary modifications, such as reducing sugar and food additives. Adequate sleep, regular routines, and creating an organized environment can also support symptom management.